remain的用法(Problem和issue的区别和用法)

remain的用法

前言
在科技论文和技术报告写作中,“问题”是最常用的词汇之一,英语的两种说法分别是problem和issue。
Problem和issue差别如表1所示。
表1 Problem vs. Issue [1,2,3]

对比项 Problem Issue
定义 有解决问题的意向,无争议,复杂 一个话题,有争议,需讨论
危害 负面,不随时间改变 随时间变好/坏
解决/处理问题 与solve连用 与dealt with连用

为了解它们的区别,还需结合实际语境。下面我们通过辨析来自北美作者的同一文章里的用法,分析和掌握它们的区别和使用。

1例句一

a. There remain critical development issues and knowledge gaps in subcutaneous drug delivery that need to be addressed to further progress the field.
在皮下给药方面仍存在关键的发展问题和知识缺口,需要解决这些问题才能在该领域取得进一步进展。
b. The challenges and rationale for these problem statements, as well as insights into potential solutions to address these challenges, are discussed below. [4]
下面将讨论这些问题陈述的挑战和理由,以及解决这些挑战的潜在解决方案。
a句,其实issues和problems均可,此处用issues暗指发展问题是个系列话题;b句,problem statements是固定短语,问题陈述,单一的问题。
2例句二

a. New issues, related to identifying stable formulations such as high concentration formulations that might reduce the volume of antibody administrations, arose in the move from intravenous infusions to the realm of subcutaneous injection strategies.
与确定稳定配方有关的新问题,如可能减少抗体给药量的高浓度配方,在从静脉注射转向皮下注射策略的过程中出现。
b.   Thus, as is the case in most scientific advances, technological advances opened up possibilities for therapeutic opportunities that were not possible previously as well as a totally new set of problems that required solving.[5]
因此,正如大多数科学进步的情况一样,技术进步为以前不可能的治疗机会和一系列需要解决的全新问题打开了可能性。
a句,issues暗示问题是一个较大的话题,包含一系列小问题,这些问题暂时不急需解决,当然如果用problems也没有问题,只是暗示了这些问题需要解决同时较负面;b句,与solve搭配只能用problem,这个问题要解决。

3例句三

a. Multiple ongoing post-hoc analyses of the clinical trials are examining a variety of efficacy and safety issues. 
对临床试验进行的多项事后分析正在检查各种疗效和安全性问题。
b. Unsuccessful preventive migraine therapy, due to lack of efficacy or poor tolerability, has historically been a common problem in clinical practice. [6] 
不成功的预防性偏头痛治疗,由于缺乏疗效或耐受性差,历来是临床实践中常见的问题。
a句,efficacy and safety issues(疗效和安全性问题),一个话题,提出来并非为了解决;b句,common problem(常见问题),负面且单一的问题。

很多时候issue和problem可以通用,但意思稍微有点区别。比如“health issues/problems”,“health issues”是与健康有关的问题,无论对健康有益还是有害,而“health problems”单纯指危害健康的问题。

一句话结论
Problem-负面,要解决,单一问题;Issue-需讨论,话题囊括多个问题。
中文翻译可能不准确,请见谅。

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参考文献

[1] https://pediaa.com/difference-between-issue-and-problem/#:~:text=%20Difference%20Between%20Issue%20and%20Problem%20%201,is%20less%20commonly%20used%20than%20issue.%20More%20
[2] https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-problem-and-issue/
[3] https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-issue-and-problem/
[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365920301267
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169409X06000895
[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673619325048

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